Homogeneous nucleation of a homologous series of n-alkanes (CiH2i+2, i=7–10) in a supersonic nozzle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Homogeneous nucleation rates of the n-alkanes (C(i)H(2i+2); i=7-10) were determined by combining information from pressure trace measurements and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments in a supersonic Laval nozzle. The condensible vapor pressure p(J max), the temperature T(J max), the characteristic time Deltat(J max), and supersaturation S(J max) corresponding to the peak nucleation rate J(max) were determined during the pressure trace measurements. These measurements also served as the basis for the subsequent SAXS experiments. Fitting the radially averaged SAXS spectrum yielded the mean droplet radius r, 5<r/nm<31, the width of the aerosol size distribution sigma, 2<sigma/nm<6, and the particle number density N, 7x10(10)<N/cm(-3)<2.2x10(12). The nucleation rates for the n-alkanes J(max), 4x10(15)<J(max)/cm(-3) s(-1)<2x10(18), vary by almost three orders of magnitude as the temperature T(Jmax) decreases from approximately 200 K to as low as 150 K. At the lowest temperatures, the supersaturations S(Jmax) are on the order of 10(5). In spite of these extreme operating conditions, we find good agreement between the current experimental results and those available in the literature using Hale's scaling formalism [Phys. Rev. A 33, 4156 (1986); Metall. Trans. A 23, 1863 (1992)] and the scaling parameters reported by Rusyniak and El-Shall [J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 11873 (2001)]. Comparing the experimental nucleation rates with the predictions of classical nucleation theory, we find that our experimental nucleation rates are 4.5-8 orders of magnitude higher than the predictions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".