Effect of Climate Changes Expected during Winter on Pavement Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the coming decades, climate change will have significant impacts on the long-term performance of the road network of Quebec, particularly during winter periods. This study quantifies the effect of climate change expected in winter, specifically focusing on the effect of a decrease in the freezing index and an increase in the number of winter thaw episodes. First, milder winter temperatures will have a positive impact by reducing pavement damage caused by frost heaves. Increased duration of life of about 6–17% is expected for the middle of the century due to milder winters. Also, an expected increase in the number of winter thaw events is likely to have a negative impact on pavements, increasing damages by permanent deformation in the granular base and by fatigue in the asphalt concrete layer. Triaxial tests were conducted to evaluate the performance on permanent deformation of different grain-size distribution of base materials subjected to repeated winter thaw. The triaxial tests concluded that by mid-century, flexible pavements in Québec will experience a 7 to 13% reduction in service life regarding permanent deformation during winter partial thaws.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".