Systemic Changes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Two Years of Follow-up
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: There is a lack of information concerning the natural evolution of the systemic manifestations related to COPD. The aim of this study was to observe the evolution of the systemic manifestations (muscle wasting, inflammation) related to COPD over a two-year period and to assess their relationships with clinical outcomes (exacerbations and worsening in quality of life) in a longitudinal prospective cohort. Methods: Forty-eight patients with COPD (FEV1: 42 ± 14 % predicted, lean mass: 49 ± 10 kg, 6-min walking distance: 422 ± 112 m, total SGRQ score: 45 ± 17) were included. Baseline and annual follow-up for body composition by DEXA scan, blood cytokines (CRP, IL-6), arterial blood gases, pulmonary function tests and quality of life were obtained. The number of acute exacerbations was recorded. Results: Overall, FEV1, lean body mass, 6-min walking distance and blood inflammatory markers did not change over the two years. During this time, the SGRQ scores decreased by 4 ± 11 points (P=0.021) and 2.7 ± 2.4 exacerbations per patient were observed. There was no relationship between the changes in physiological measures and the fall in SGRQ or the exacerbation rate. A loss in lean body mass > 3% was observed in 11 (23%) patients but this was not associated with any adverse clinical outcomes nor with further loss in FEV1, walking distance and inflammatory status. Conclusion: This cohort of patients remained remarkably stable over a 2-year follow-up period. A small loss in lean body mass was observed in some patients but this could not be associated with adverse clinical outcomes during this period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".