Dead space and paediatric anaesthetic equipment: a physical lung model study*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Untested assumptions have been made with regard to functional dead space in facemasks, filters and breathing systems used in children for the administration of inhalation anaesthesia. Total functional dead space was measured in various combinations of this equipment applied to a spontaneous ventilation lung model with parameter settings appropriate for infants of 7-8 kg. We found that functional dead space was too large to allow for spontaneous ventilation of the lungs when a breathing filter was fitted. There was minimal relationship between size of the facemask and functional dead space; however, the provision of 22-mm female inlets to facemasks achieved proportionately less functional dead space than with 15-mm male inlets. Regardless of the apparatus used and the magnitude of the dead space, the leak induced when a poorly fitting facemask was used dramatically reduced the dead space of the breathing system - to near optimal conditions - by moving the alveolar gas elimination point to within the facemask itself.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".