0.25–4 ns 185 MS/s 4-bit pulse-shrinking time-to-digital converter in 130 nm CMOS using a 2-step conversion scheme
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An area and power efficient pulse-shrinking delay-line time-to-digital converter (TDC) using a 2-step conversion scheme is presented. The proposed TDC quantizes time variables using a coarse pulse-shrinking TDC with a large per-stage time shrinkage and a fine pulse-shrinking TDC with a small per-stage time shrinkage. It offers low power and silicon consumption, and good linearity without sacrificing resolution. The proposed TDC has been designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS technology. The input range of the TDC is 4 ns, conversion rate 185 MS/s, resolution 250 ps, INL of 1 LSB, and figure-of-merit 0.163 pJ/conv.step.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".