Axial compression stress path tests on artificial frozen soil samples in a triaxial device at temperatures just below 0 °C
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper aims to assess the characteristics of the strength and creep properties of frozen soil under triaxial stress conditions at temperatures close to the thawing point. A series of triaxial constant rate of strain (CRS) and constant stress creep (CSC) tests was carried out in axial compression on artificially frozen soil samples at temperatures between –3.0 and –0.3 °C. Acoustic emissions, with a frequency range of 100–1000 kHz, were measured using a wide-band piezoelectric sensor to understand the mechanisms of the deformation behaviour and microstructural effects that control the response of the frozen soil specimens during the tests, especially at yield and approaching failure. The test results showed that the influence of a temperature increase close to the thawing point led to reduced shear strength and increased minimum axial strain rate. The test results were compared with data from similar experiments on artificial frozen and alpine permafrost specimens obtained from a past research project. It was observed that the acoustic emission response indicates a change in the physical process of deformation between microcrack formation and the reorientation of ice granules, depending on the strain rate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".