Creep response of recycled asphalt shingles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) mixed with granular materials or cementitiously stabilized to control their otherwise high compressibility provide a viable lightweight structural fill material in highway embankments or backfill behind retaining structures. In this research, deviator creep response of RAS mixed with bottom ash (BA) or stabilized with self-cementing fly ash (FA) was investigated. Systematic constant stress consolidated-drained triaxial tests were conducted on compacted RAS–BA and RAS–FA mixtures at ranges of confining pressures, deviator stresses, and temperatures expected in the field. Results showed that both compacted RAS–BA and RAS–FA mixtures represent classic creep response similar to soils. Creep rupture was observed at deviator stresses higher than 80% of deviator stress at failure. To prevent creep rupture, mobilized shear strength in the design of side slopes of highway embankments containing RAS should be limited to 80% of deviator stress at failure. Creep rate is affected by confining pressures. At a given stress level, the creep rate decreased and the time to creep rupture increased with increasing confining pressure. Temperature change also affects the creep strain and strain rate of compacted RAS–BA and RAS–FA mixtures. The strain rate of the compacted RAS–BA mixture exponentially increased with temperature. However, thermal pre-loading at summer field temperatures significantly reduced the strain rate of the compacted RAS–BA mixture from 64 × 10 −6 %/min to 3.6 × 10 −6 %/min and that of the RAS–FA mixture from 190 × 10 −6 %/min to 6.9 × 10 −6 %/min. To minimize creep strain and strain rate of structural fill materials containing RAS, construction is recommended during warm seasons. Creep models were developed to evaluate the time-dependent deformation of embankments constructed with RAS mixed with granular materials or stabilized with self-cementing fly ash.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".