The Iraqi Secret Police Files: A Documentary Record of the Anfal Genocide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Après la défaite des forces armées irakiennes lors de la guerre du Golfe en mars 1991, les rebelles kurdes ont lancé une révolte populaire contre le régime irakien, prenant d'assaut et brûlant les bureaux de la police secrète, les prisons et les centres de torture.Au cours de cette insurrection, les Kurdes irakiens ont pu mettre la main sur des dépôts importants de dossiers de la police secrète provenant de plusieurs villes de la région nord du Kurdistan irakien, et ce avant que les forces armées de Sadam Hussein ne reviennent écraser la révolte après avoir réprimé les soulèvements de masse des Chiites dans le sud du pays.Les documents qui ont été pris par les rebelles ont rapidement pris une importance internationale parce qu'ils contenaient des preuves indiscutables des crimes contre l'humanité et du génocide d'Anfal qui fut perpétré contre les Kurdes par le régime irakien à la fin des années 1980.Le parcours extraordinaire de ces documents du nord de l'Irak jusqu'aux Archives nationales à Washington, et ensuite à l'Université de Colorado à Boulder grâce à l'organisation humanitaire « Human Rights Initiative », représente une odyssée pourvue de dimensions politiques internationales.Les documents ont une grande signification au niveau du monde contemporain puisqu'ils sont au centre d'une campagne internationale très large menée par divers groupes de droits de la personne, par le gouvernement américain, par des autorités judiciaires étrangères et d'autres afin de mettre en accusation et d'amener devant un tribunal international Sadam Hussein et ses principaux leaders.Quoi qu'il arrive de l'effort pour poursuivre et juger les dirigeants irakiens, l'histoire entourant ces documents est loin d'être terminée.ABSTRACT In March 1991, after the defeat of the Iraqi armed forces in the Gulf War, Kurdish rebels rose in popular revolt against the Iraqi regime, storming and burning secret police stations, prisons, and torture centres.In the uprising, the Iraqi Kurds seized an enormous cache of secret police files from several cities and towns in the northern region of Iraqi Kurdistan before Saddam Hussein's armed forces returned to crush the revolt after having quelled mass uprisings in the south among the Shiites.The captured documents quickly took on international importance, as they contained direct evidence of crimes against humanity and the Anfal genocide that had been perpetrated against the Kurds by the Iraqi regime during the late 1980s.The extraordinary journey of these documents from northern Iraq to the National Archives in Washington, and then to the University of Colorado at Boulder's Human Rights Initiative has been an odyssey of international political dimensions.The documents have great international significance as they comprise the evidentiary centrepiece of a broad-based international campaign by human rights groups, the United States government, judicial
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".