Bibliographic record
Abstract
The preceding chapters were devoted to a Newtonian description of the gravitational interaction, and it is now time to embark on an exploration of its relativistic aspects. As we shall argue in the next chapter, a relativistic theory of gravity that respects the principle of equivalence reviewed in Sec. 1.2 must be a metric theory in which gravitation is a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime. The simplest metric theory of gravitation is Einstein's general relativity, and our task in this chapter and the next is to introduce its essential elements. Subsequent chapters will develop the weak-field limit of general relativity, and in these chapters we will return to notions (such as gravitational potentials and forces) that are familiar from Newtonian physics. But a proper grounding of the weak-field limit must rest on the exact theory, and we shall now work to acquire the required knowledge. It is, of course, unlikely that a mere two chapters will suffice to introduce all relevant aspects of general relativity. What we intend to cover here is a rather minimal package, the smallest required for the development of the weak-field limit. This chapter is devoted to a description of physics in Minkowski spacetime (also known as flat spacetime), which codifies in a particularly elegant way the kinematical rules of special relativity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".