CHANGES IN POPULATIONS OF NESTING SEABIRDS ON THE BIRD ISLANDS, CAPE BRETON, NOVA SCOTIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Bird Islands support the largest colonies of nesting seabirds in Nova Scotia. From a continental perspective the islands host one of the largest Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) colonies in North America and a significant Razorbill (Alca torda) colony. However the islands are best known for nesting Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica). Populations of all species have changed over the past 75 years, none so dramatically as Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Kittiwakes colonized the islands 20 years ago and are now the most numerous nesting seabirds. Two other recent colonists, Herring (Larus argentatus) and Great Black-backed Gulls (L. marinus) are the next most common nesting species on the islands. In contrast the small colony of Common Murres (Uria aalge) and the large colonies of Arctic (Sterna paradisaea) and Common Terns (S. hirundo) of the 1920s have disappeared. Here we present recent estimates of breeding populations and summarize the data on changes in populations in the past 75 years based on a review of the literature, and surveys conducted from boats circumnavigating the islands during 11 different years from 1976 until 2000. The changes in breeding populations of seabirds on the Bird Islands show that their importance for conservation has changed through the years. For example in the 1920s about one third of all nesting Double-crested Cormorants in Nova Scotia were on the Bird Islands. In 1933 no Great Cormorants nested on the islands. In contrast in 2000 they supported the largest colony of Great Cormorants in North America and less than 1% of the Double-crested Cormorants in eastern Canada.En Nouvelle-Écosse, ce sont les îles Bird qui abritent les plus grosses colonies d’oiseaux de mer nicheurs. Les îles hébergent une des plus grosses colonies de Grands Cormorans (Phalacrocorax carbo) de l’Amérique du Nord et une colonie importante de Petits Pingouins (Alca torda). Cependant, les îles sont plus connues pour les Macareux moines (Fratercula arctica). Depuis les 75 dernières années, les populations de toutes les espèces ont changé, mais c’est la population de Mouettes tridactyles (Rissa tridactyla) qui a changé le plus. Il y a vingt ans, ces mouettes ont colonisé les îles et sont devenues les oiseaux de mer les plus abondants à s’y reproduire. Deux autres espèces ayant colonisé les îles depuis peu, le Goéland argenté (Larus argentatus) et le Goéland marin (L. marinus), arrivent au second rang pour ce qui est des oiseaux nicheurs les plus nombreux sur les îles. Par contre, la petite colonie de Guillemots marmettes (Uria aalge) et les grosses colonies de Sternes arctiques (Sterna paradisaea) et de Sternes pierregarins (S. hirundo) qui y vivaient durant les années 1920 ont disparu. Nous présentons ici des évaluations récentes des populations d’oiseaux nicheurs et les tendances démographiques depuis les 75 dernières années à partir d’une revue de la documentation, ainsi que les résultats de relevés effectués dans 11 années, entre 1976 et 2000, à bord de bateaux qui ont fait le tour des îles. Les changements dans les populations d’oiseaux de mer qui se reproduisent sur les îles Bird montrent que leur importance sur le plan de la conservation a varié au cours des années. Par exemple, dans les années 1920, environ un tiers de tous les Cormorans à aigrettes qui nichaient en Nouvelle-Écosse le faisaient sur les îles Bird. En 1933, aucun Grand Cormoran ne nichait sur les îles, tandis qu’en 2000, elles abritaient la plus grosse colonie de cette espèce en Amérique du Nord et moins de 1 % des Cormorans à aigrettes de l’est du Canada.PROC. N.S. INST. SCI. (2004)Volume 42, Part 2, pp. 241-252*
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".