Groundwater levels and teleconnection patterns in the Canadian Prairies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thirty one hydrological time series of shallow groundwater levels, precipitation, and moisture‐sensitive tree ring chronologies were analyzed and related to two climate indices: Niño 3.4 and PDO. Spearman rank correlation and spectral analyses (multitaper method, continuous wavelet transform, and wavelet coherence) were used to document the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on shallow (depth < 20 m) groundwater level records from the Canadian Prairies. Modes of variability in the 2–7, 7–10, and 18–22 year bands were detected and reconstructed. Correlations and wavelet coherence between these oscillation modes and the climate indices suggest that variability in the 2–7 and 7–10 year bands is highly influenced by ENSO. The oscillation modes in the 18–22 year band reflect a negative correlation with the PDO index. When either of these teleconnections (ENSO/PDO) is in their respective positive phases, groundwater levels reflect the effect of associated warmer and drier winters experienced over much of interior Canada and the US, affecting important resource inputs to the hydrological cycle and groundwater recharge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".