The worldwide making of the social economy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concept of ‘social economy’ assembles diverse initiatives, like cooperatives, associations, mutual societies, foundations and other member-based organizations. These initiatives share common characteristics: they are autonomous organizations and enterprises; they value service to the community over profit; they rely on voluntary participation and democratic governance.\n\nWhere markets and states fail, social economy organizations bring about social innovation and change. Social economy initiatives intend to answer to people’s needs and aspirations, always and everywhere.\n\nFor a better knowledge and understanding of the social economy, this book offers a broad view on the recent changes and innovations in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. The contributions cover various topics, such as social protection, fair trade and microfinance. Several chapters deal with the delicate relation with the state (in Canada, the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Brazil and Venezuela); others present a special focus on important new regional dynamics (in Africa, China, Europe and the United States).\n\nWith contributions of scholars from around the globe, the book clearly demonstrates that in a range of contexts and regions social economy organizations and enterprises are reinventing themselves, proposing social innovations and bringing about substantial social change.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".