Balancing Work and Family in Canada - An Empirical Examination of Conceptualizations and Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The issue of work and family balance has been on the agenda of many governmental and non-governmental organizations in recent years and has led to the adoption of various policies. However, combining work and family responsibilities remains a challenge for many parents. In this paper, we examine the work-family conflict experienced by Canadian working parents. For the purpose of this paper, work-family conflict is conceptualized as the time-related stress arising from the competing demands of the different roles imposed on working parents. Our objective is three-fold. First, we take a critical look at how time stress has been conceptualized and measured in previous studies. Using data from the 2005 Canadian General Social Survey on time use, we suggest an alternative multi-item scale. Second, we examine the impact of different predictors on parents' time stress, paying special attention to the impact of work-related factors. Finally, we discuss the impact of provincial variations in family policy on parents' time stress. Although Québec has introduced a number of family-oriented policies, we do not find evidence that these policies have resulted in less time stress for working parents in Québec. La balance entre le travail et la famille est un sujet qui a été présent sur l’agenda de plusieurs gouvernements et organisations non-gouvernementales au cours des dernières années et qui a donné lieu à l’adoption de diverses politiques. Cependant, la combinaison des responsabilités reliées au travail et à la famille demeure un défi pour de nombreux parents. Dans ce papier, nous examinons le stress temporel (time stress) vécu par les parents Canadiens qui ont un emploi rémunéré. Notre objectif est triple. Premièrement, nous portons un regard critique sur la façon dont le stress temporel a été conceptualisé et mesuré dans les études antérieures. Sur la base des données de l’enquête canadienne générale sur l’emploi du temps de 2005, nous suggérons une échelle multi-items. Deuxièmement, nous examinons l’impact de différentes variables sur le stress temporel des parents tout en portant une attention toute spéciale sur les variables reliées au travail. Finalement, nous discutons de l’impact des variations provinciales en matière de politique familiale sur le stress temporel des parents. Bien que le Québec ait introduit un nombre de politiques reliées à la famille, nous n’obtenons pas de résultats qui suggèrent que ces politiques ont réduit le stress temporel pour les parents québécois qui ont un emploi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".