Lead release from premise plumbing: a profile of sample collection and pilot studies from a small system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this project was to examine the ability of a small system to meet new corrosion control operational guidelines in Canada. This study was conducted in three parallel program areas: (a) use of community volunteers, (b) sampling at controlled municipal buildings, and (c) conducting a pilot-scale program. The study site was a community with an approximate population of 7000. The water quality of the treated water had a low alkalinity (<5 mg/L as CaCO3) and a target pH range of 7.0–7.5. The plant corrosion control program consisted of pH adjustment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the addition of an orthophosphate–polyphosphate blend at a dose of 1.0 mg/L (as product). From the volunteer sample sites, it was found that all collected water samples were below the Canadian health-based guideline for lead of 10 μg/L. For the municipal building sites, 20 consecutive 1 L samples were used to identify lead occurrence. Two sites exceeded 10 μg/L for some sequential samples, however only one site (publ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".