Regional differences in women's part time employment: an analysis of supply and demand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Part-time employment has a significant weight in the EU countries, but with remarkable differences. In The Netherlands, for instance, it reaches really high levels (50 per 100 of employment) whereas it has a comparative low weight in other countries like Spain (11.3 per 100). On the other hand, gender differences are also very significant, as well as their regional distribution, as it is the case of Spain. While women?s part-time employment in the Balearics is 16.4 per 100, in Navarre it reaches 27.8 per 100 (LFS, Active Population Survey, 3rd. quarter 2006). Focusing on women?s part-time employment, the paper has two main objectives. First, to compare its evolution in the main EU countries, showing the characteristics and reasons for their differences. Second, to analyze the factors supporting regional heterogeneity, taking Spain as a case-study. As opposed to the most usual approaches, focused either on the supply or the demand side of labour market, the paper adopts both perspectives considering that they are complementary in order to explain part-time employment levels as well as their spatial distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".