Locoweeds of North America: taxonomy and toxicity.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter describes the taxonomy and toxicity of two locoweeds belonging to the genera Astragalus and Oxytropis, each containing several to numerous species of toxic plant species. Those plants with intoxicant properties have led to numerous livestock deaths, amounting to untold amounts of property loss. The first of those genera, Astragalus, is very large, and only a small proportion of the species have been investigated as to their potential for intoxication of livestock. Some 20 species of Astragalus have been noted as poisonous due to the presence of the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine in their tissues. Species of Astragalus are present in all of the contiguous United States and Alaska, and in all of the Canadian provinces. Oxytropis is much smaller. Species of Oxytropis are confined mainly to western North America, with a few of the taxa extending across the northern portion of the continent to eastern Canada. Four species of Oxytropis are cited as toxic due to the presence of swainsonine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".