Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common and clinically important outcome of the use of urinary catheters. Urinary catheters may be (1) short-term indwelling urethral catheters, (2) long-term indwelling urethral catheters, or (3) intermittent catheterization. A patient has a short-term indwelling catheter when the duration of catheterization is less than 30 days and a long-term indwelling catheter when the catheter remains in situ more than 30 days. Considerations for indwelling suprapubic catheters are similar to those for indwelling urethral catheters. Different types of catheterization are indicated in different populations and have different risks for the occurrence of infection (Table 106.1). PATHOGENESIS Acquisition of urinary infection with catheter use is virtually always through ascending infection (Table 106.2). For indwelling urethral catheters, bacteria usually ascend into the bladder on the mucous sheath on the external surface of the catheter, up the drainage tubing in the urine column, or with bacterial biofilm on the inner surface of the tubing. Organisms colonizing the periurethral area ascending on the external surface of the catheter are a more common source of bacteriuria for women, and organisms gaining access through the tubing occurs more often in men. Disruption of the closed drainage system from the bladder to the drainage bag also may introduce bacteria, and there is a high incidence of urinary infection within 24 hours following such a break in the system. Bacteria introduced at the time of catheterization account for less than 5% of infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".