A Survey of Selected Presentations of the Conference on Immigration and Outmigration: Atlantic Canada at a Crossroads/ Apercu De Certains Exposes Livres a la Conference Immigration et Emigration : Le Canada Atlantique a la Croisee Des Chemins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atlantic Metropolis Atlantique (AMA) was established in January 2004 to promote research on issues of immigrant integration, population migration, and multicultural diversity within small cities and rural areas. Attraction and retention of immigrants and refugees in rural areas and smaller urban centers, areas that characterize Atlantic Canada, is also a focus of research at AMA. This research aims to generate greater awareness of immigration issues in policy circles and among the general public by providing a platform to its stakeholders for discussion. AMA has a bipolar structure with centres in both Halifax and Moncton. It is designed to reflect the bilingual reality of Atlantic Canada. Atlantic Canada has struggled to attract and retain immigrants in a country where overwhelming numbers choose to settle in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver. The Atlantic challenge has gained significance in light of declining regional populations. (1) Against this overall background, the economics domain of AMA organized a two-day conference on immigration and out-migration in Halifax in mid-November, 2004. Not only was this the first major event of its kind put together by AMA, but it was the first pan-Canadian conference centred on immigration issues held in Atlantic Canada. It drew presenters and participants from across Canada and the United States; about 250 delegates from academia, the public service, NGOs, communities, and industry were registered. This article summarizes some of the major themes discussed at the conference, particularly those with a distinctly Atlantic flavour. GENERAL FRAMEWORK A plenary panel of three speakers opened the conference, providing some background information on attracting and retaining immigrants. Barry Chiswick (University of Illinois) summarized his research on economic factors and linguistic concentrations, or enclaves. His analysis applies to countries that face the challenge of lopsided regional distribution of immigrants. New immigrants tend to settle near ports of entry, near clusters of previous immigrants of similar origin, and where employment opportunities are best. This pattern results from economies in communication, information, consumption, and the labour market. So-called ethnic goods are also important in location choice. (2) Ethnic goods obey the laws of economies of scale, whereby the full cost of their production goes down as the size of the consuming immigrant (ethnic) group increases. An immigrant would be indifferent between working in two alternative areas only if the area with the high cost ethnic goods (lower concentration ratio) provided a higher nominal wage. This has several important policy implications for Atlantic Canada, given its lower immigrant concentration ratio. One is that the region should help remove barriers to labour market integration of immigrants by improving the foreign credential recognition process. Another is that immigrant recruitment should be based on skill shortages in the region, since scarcity of skills usually means higher nominal wages. A third is that established immigrants can play an important role in helping new immigrants become settled in their new homes. Many NGOs in Atlantic Canada are run, at least in part, by immigrants who have already experienced the settlement process, are already established, and are well qualified to help others. Finally, promoting cultural events for different ethnic communities could result in a more comfortable environment for newcomers. Don De Voretz (Simon Fraser University) addressed the issue of immigrant retention in terms of a brain circulation model, under which immigrants enter a niche area where they receive subsidized human capital in the form of education, language training, and skill certification. Analyzing data for Quebec, which has difficulty retaining its immigrant population, he suggests that the decision to move or stay in any niche area depends on the rewards earned from this acquired human capital in the niche area (Quebec) or in the rest of Canada. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".