A Critical role for anti‐apoptotic c‐IAP2 gene in LPS and TNF‐a‐induced resistance to HIV‐Vpr mediated apoptosis in human monocytic cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monocytic cells which play a central role in both innate and acquired immunity are productively infected by HIV as are CD4 + activated T cells, however, unlike CD4+ T cells, monocytic cells survive HIV replication without major signs of HIV‐induced cytopathic effects. Vpr, one of the accessory proteins of HIV causes apoptosis in various cell types including lymphocytes, and monocytes. It is believed that one of the reasons by which monocytic cells escape HIV‐Vpr‐induced cytopathic effects is the capacity of HIV to decrease its sensitivity to apoptosis most probably by TNF‐α the cytokine known to be produced in abundance in HIV infection. However, the mechanism responsible for the resistance developed by the monocytes to HIV‐Vpr induced apoptosis is not known. In this study, we used C terminal Vpr peptide which is essential to induce apoptosis and demonstrated for the first time that LPS and TNF‐α induced resistance to HIV‐Vpr mediated apoptosis by upregulating c‐IAP2 through the activation of calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase‐II (CaMKII). In contrast, Vpr52‐96 peptide if treated prior to LPS/TNF‐α stimulation abrogated LPS/TNF‐αmediated protective effects against Vpr52‐96‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Vpr52‐96 peptide inhibited LPS/TNF‐αmediated protective effects by inhibiting LPS/TNF‐αinduced calcium influx, activation of calmodulin and CaMKII, and NFκB‐mediated c‐IAP2 induction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".