Cognitive‐behaviour therapy for medication‐resistant positive symptoms in early psychosis: a case series
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for psychosis reduces the severity of medication-resistant positive symptoms in chronic schizophrenia, but its efficacy for early psychosis outpatients with a similar profile has not been established. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes an uncontrolled evaluation of CBT, added to medication and comprehensive care in an early psychosis program, in a group of stable outpatients. PATIENTS: The sample was drawn from 24 consecutive referrals. Fourteen were eligible, i.e. had positive symptom(s) and had been on the same medication regime for 3 months. TREATMENT: Patients received an average of 16 individual sessions with a senior psychologist. MEASURES: Symptom severity was assessed both by an independent rater, and by patient self-report. RESULTS: Eleven of 14 patients completed treatment. Both clinician and self-report post-treatment ratings of positive symptoms were significantly reduced following CBT. For positive symptom totals, effect sizes ranged from d = 1.0 to 1.3. Clinically significant changes were apparent in at least eight of 11 patients. DISCUSSION: While case-series studies have significant limitations, the large effect sizes described here suggest that CBT shows promise for effectiveness with early psychosis patients. A randomized trial is needed to establish both the effect size over and above a control condition, and the durability of gains of CBT for medication-resistant symptoms in early psychosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".