An annually resolved reconstruction of summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) variability for the last 550 years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summer climate in the North Atlantic-European sector possesses a principal pattern of year-to-year variability similar to the North Atlantic Oscillation in winter. The ‘Summer North Atlantic Oscillation’ (SNAO), which is defined as the first EOF of July-August extratropical North Atlantic pressure at mean sea level, is characterised by a more northerly location and smaller spatial scale than its winter counterpart. Despite being of lesser amplitude than the winter NAO, the SNAO exerts a strong influence on European climate, e.g. rainfall, temperature and cloudiness, especially in North Europe. It plays a key role in generating summer climate extremes, including flooding, drought and heat stress in North Western Europe. There is a weak relationship between the SNAO and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Modelling and observational results indicate that SNAO variations are partly related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on interdecadal time scales. Using tree-ring records the SNAO was extend back to 1441. In the past 550 years, the SNAO has been variable on many time scales with a multi-century fluctuation between the late sixteenth and late twentieth centuries. In addition and there is a slight overall positive trend, where the high SNAO values of the late twentieth century seem unprecedented in the record. Associations found in observations between the SNAO and climate features of the eastern North Atlantic Region, such as European drought and Sahel rainfall seemingly holds back in time. Extending the SNAO beyond the instrumental period will allow us to further investigate the role of the atmospheric circulation in modulating North Atlantic summer climate, as well as its association with ocean circulation. Vadose zone geochemistry and mineralogy of sulfide-rich tailings at the Greens Creek Mine, Alaska, USA M.B.J. LINDSAY*, P.D. CONDON, K.G. LEAR, D.W. BLOWES AND C.J. PTACEK Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada (*correspondence: mbjlinds@uwaterloo.ca) (blowes@uwaterloo.ca, ptacek@uwaterloo.ca) Environmental Department, Greens Creek Mine, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".