Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the “Age of Johnson,” England was born with features that are still recognizably modern, however the nation may now be maturing gradually into a post-modern, post-colonial, even post-British state. It was a nation with a highly subtle and contentious, yet politically decisive, structure of social class. Its female citizens, at least of the middle and upper classes, were playing a more vigorous and public role in English life, though their sphere of influence generally lay outside the parliament, the courts, and the clergy. It had a political party system divided between Tories and Whigs, later Liberals, along philosophical, social, and economic rather than dynastic lines. It had a vigorously engaged public, and a widening though volatile system of political representation. In contrast with the Swiftian bleakness of the early century, it had a proud sense of itself as a modern, powerful, and progressive nation joined politically and culturally in a common mission with the Celtic peripheries. And overseas it had a self-acknowledged empire that, while it has been relaxed into a “commonwealth” today, has left a global imprint of English-speaking people, English political institutions, English literature – including the international reputation of Samuel Johnson. The point of this book has certainly not been that Johnson made all this possible. Nevertheless, in the dialectic between material and cultural forces, we can hardly do better than Johnson as a personality, as a text , for understanding how modern England came about.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.256 | 0.105 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".