Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada’s first prison, Kingston penitentiary, opened its doors to six male inmates in 1835. This institution rested on a religious model, which postulated a dichotomy between good and evil people. Hence, suffering was justifiably inflicted to restore the convict to a state of grace. This research will explore the life of prisoners and the awkward responsibilities of the physician, using as its principle sources the annual reports of the prison and the remarkable infirmary registry kept by Dr. James Sampson. While Warden Henry Smith prescribed the punishment, Dr. Sampson was obliged to verify that the inmate was fit to be punished. The physical and mental consequences of punishments were recorded in the prison’s hospital registry. The prison population tripled to approximately 500 from 1842-1845. Ten percent of the prison population was female, with the rest being adult male offenders, the criminally insane and boys, some as young as 8 years old. A single standard of punishment was impossible since it was permissible to hit children but not women. This paper will show the nature and frequency of punishments meted out by the Warden. It will demonstrate that there was a concomitant increase in the number of overall injuries. Morbidity was directly linked to punishment, but mortality was not. Warden Smith was dismissed from office in 1848 on charges of starving the convicts and cruel, excessive punishment. Prior to his dismissal Dr. Sampson took a leave of absence as a statement of his inability to properly treat his patients and upon the warden’s removal returned to his duties as the prison physician. Evidence from this study demonstrates that the prison physician was in a position of divided allegiance between his duty to the prisoner-patients and his duty to the moral code of his society as interpreted by the warden. St. Onge D. Curator, Correctional Services Canada Museum. Kingston, Ontario, 2007. Hennessy PH. Canada’s Big House: The dark history of the Kingston Penitentiary. Toronto: Dundern Press, 1999. Hospital Records, 1842-1848. The Archives of Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".