Bibliographic record
Abstract
SAMMENDRAGAntall årlige dødsofre av tobakksrøyking anslås nå til 3millioner (alle land samlet); i 2025 vil det være 10 millioner,hvis ikke røykemønstret endres. Storstilt global forebyggendeinnsats har latt vente på seg, vesentlig p.g.a. tobakksindustriensmotstand og myndighetenes lunkenhet.Det er påvist virkning av en rekke tiltak, bl.a. reklameforbud,helseadvarsler på pakkene, avgiftsøkninger og røykerestriksjoner.For å skape et effektivt program er det nødvendig medsolid faglig ekspertise, sterke pressgrupper, engasjerte byråkraterog handlekraftige politikere.Canada har for tiden det mest avanserte program. Norge låbra an i 1970-årene, men sakket noe av i 80-årene. Tobakksforbruketsteg inntil ca. 1975, men er falt senere. Det sammegjelder prosent dagligrøykere blant elever i grunnskolen. Det harvært en nedgang i dagligrøyking blant menn; blant kvinner er dethittil liten endring, unntatt blant de yngste, som har nedgang.Utviklingen i de fattige landene er mest bekymringsfull.Norske politikere burde være pådrivere for å få FN til å vedta eninternasjonal konvensjon om tobakkskontroll.Administrerende overlege, dr.med. Kjell Bjartveit,Statens helseundersøkelserBjartveit K. The greatest challenge to preventive health work. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 93-106. ENGLISH SUMMARYIt is estimated that, worldwide, three million people die every year as a result of tobacco smoking. Thisnumber will increase to 10 million by year 2025 if today's pattern of smoking continues. Large-scale globalpreventive action is long in coming, mainly due to resistance of the tobacco industry and a lukewarm attitude onthe part of national governments.Various measures, such as a ban on advertising, health warnings on packaging, tax increases and restrictionson smoking, have been shown to work. Prerequisites for an effective programme are highly qualifiedprofessional expertise, strong pressure groups, dedicated bureaucrats and energetically involved politicians.Canada has the most advanced programme at present. Norway's efforts compared favourably in the 1970s,but slowed down in the 1980s. Per capita tobacco consumption increased up to about 1975, but has sincedeclined. The same applies to the percentage of smokers in the lower secondary schools. The prevalence of dailysmoking has declined among men; little change has been observed in women, except in the youngest age group,where smoking has decreased.Developments in the poor countries of the world give greatest cause for concern. Norwegian politiciansshould actively urge the United Nations to adopt an international convention on tobacco control.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.303 | 0.143 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".