The Development of Criminal Litigation Legislation Since the Founding of P.R.C.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the long process of China’s historical development, there appeared the glorious times leading the world trends. In the field of legal system, the world famous Chinese Legal System with Tang Lu Shu Yi (Tang Code with authoritative annotations) is regarded as its pearl, in which the legislation of lawsuit was fl ourishing and over the next one thousand years, it made further progress and got more perfected. This paper mainly focuses on the development situation of criminal litigation legislation in China since the founding of the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) in 1949. In the meantime, tentative speculations will be offered on the criminal suit legislation in the future. Criminal suit legislation in China since 1949 could be divided into three periods. The fi rst period is from 1949 to 1979. In this period, no common criminal suit code was made but several criminal suit regulations were passed. With the passage of all these regulations, a national unifi ed criminal suit system had been established. The second period is from 1979 to 1996. It was the period when the China’s criminal suit legislation entered its booming stage. Lots of laws were passed, which indicated that criminal suit legislation in China had reached a rather large scale and criminal suit system had become more comprehensive and mature. The three period is from 1996 to the present. After its putting into practice for 17 years, Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China was revised in a larger scale by the National People’s Congress. new concepts were embodied in this modifi cation. Nowadays the State law-making legislation has scheduled to revise the criminal procedure law. People have come to terms on the revision of criminal procedure law. Based on new concepts, the great breakthroughs of re-revised edition of criminal procedure law would be as follows: The demands of human rights protection, justice and efficiency would be embodied in the theme of legislation of criminal procedure law. Negatory items of breaking statutory proceeding would be included in the revision, making illegal actions null. The principle of presumption of innocence would be incarnated in the criminal legislation. The principle of presumption of innocence has to be emphasized in a real sense. The principle of “Never force the self-incrimination would be adopted, totally preventing the inquisition by torture and extort confessions. The principle of protection against repeated prosecution, non bis in idem; protection against double jeopardy would be applied in China’s criminal retrial system. Priority is given to the principle of public international law. The defense system should be perfected so that counsels have the right to participate in the progress of criminal lawsuit and the counsels possess rights of investigation. Criminal unlawful evidence exclusionary rules are to be established. Justifying the proceeding of questioning criminal suspect and regulate the questioning time to prevent evidence collection obtained by torture. In necessary conditions, the counsel has right to be on the spot. Renovating Chinese simplifi ed criminal process. Key words: Criminal litigation legislation; Evolution; Views Resume Dans le long processus de developpement historique de la Chine, il est apparu des temps glorieux de premier plan des tendances mondiales dans le domaine du systeme juridique, le monde celebre systeme juridique chinois avec Tang Lu Yi Shu (Code des Tang avec des annotations autorite) est considere comme son. perle, dans lequel la legislation de poursuite etait florissante et au cours des mille prochaines annees, il a encore progresse et a obtenu plus perfectionne. Ce document se concentre principalement sur la situation du developpement de la legislation poursuites penales en Chine depuis la fondation de la Republique populaire de Chine (RPC) en 1949. En attendant, les speculations provisoires seront offerts sur la legislation poursuite penale a l’avenir. La legislation penale costume en Chine depuis 1949 pourrait etre divise en trois periodes. La premiere periode est de 1949 a 1979. Dans cette periode, aucun code costume criminelle commune a ete faite, mais plusieurs reglements poursuite penale etaient passed.With le passage de tous ces reglements, un systeme national unifi e poursuite penale avait ete mis en place. La seconde periode est de 1979 a 1996. C’etait la periode ou la legislation de la Chine de poursuite penale est entre dans sa phase de plein essor. Beaucoup de lois ont ete votees, qui a indique que la legislation poursuite penale en Chine avait atteint une echelle assez grande et un systeme de poursuite penale etait devenu plus complete et mature. La periode de trois est de 1996 a nos jours. Apres sa mise en pratique depuis 17 ans, la loi de procedure penale de la Republique populaire de Chine a ete revise dans une plus grande echelle par le Congres national populaire. De nouveaux concepts ont ete incorpores dans cette modifi cation. Aujourd’hui, la loi de l’Etat de decisions la legislation a prevu de reviser le code de procedure penale. Les gens sont venus a s’entendre sur la revision de la procedure penale. Base sur de nouveaux concepts, les grandes percees de re-edition revisee du Code de procedure penale serait la suivante : Les exigences de la protection des droits humains, la justice et l’effi cacite, seraient incluses dans le theme de la legislation du code de procedure penale. Articles Negatory de briser la loi instance seraient inclus dans la revision, ce qui rend illegale nulle actions. Le principe de la presomption d’innocence serait incarne dans la legislation penale. Le principe de la presomption d’innocence doit etre souligne dans un sens reel. Le principe de «ne jamais forcer l’auto-incrimination serait adopte, empechant totalement l’inquisition par la torture et extorquer des aveux. Le principe de la protection contre les repetee poursuites, non bis in idem, la protection contre la double incrimination serait applique dans le systeme de la Chine un nouveau proces penal La priorite est donnee au principe du droit international public Le systeme de defense doit etre perfectionne afi n que les conseils ont le droit de participer au progres de la responsabilite penale.. proces et les conseils possedent des droits d’enquete. penale regles de preuve illicites d’exclusion doivent etre etablis. Justifier la procedure d’interrogatoire suspect et de reglementer le temps de questionnement pour eviter la collecte de preuves obtenues sous la torture. Dans des conditions necessaires, l’avocat a le droit d’etre sur le l’endroit. Renovation Chinois simplifi e procedure penale. Mots-cles: La legislation de contentieux penal; Evolution; Vues
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".