West Africans in the Sudan during the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1898-1956
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper examines the expansion of West African migration eastwards into the Sudan along the Savanna Grassroad. By 1955West Africans comprised 6 % of the population and in some areas the figure exceeded 30 %. Their economic significance lay in their willingness to work hard as hired hands in agriculture—especially in cotton production, where they were crucial to the development of the Gezira Scheme during the Depression of the 1930s—and in their willingness to undertake menial tasks, disliked by Arab Sudanese, such as gum cleaning, sanitary services, water carrying, and portering. The easterly migration of West Africans (mainly from Chad and Nigeria) is connected largely with the pilgrimage to the Moslem holy places in Saudi Arabia, although some are economic migrants. Accordingly, West Africans have shown little inclination to assimilate into the host community. The large numbers recorded in the 1955-56 Sudan census as speaking West African languages at home and claiming non-Sudanese status, even when i...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".