Geophysical Investigation of the Clay Cap at a Closed Landfill in Southwestern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At a closed mixed waste landfill in southwestern Ontario, concerns have been expressed about rainfall infiltration, possibly resulting from a non-contiguous landfill cap, and the potential for leachate leakage at the southern edge of the landfill. This study examines the application of geophysical methods to investigate the contiguity of the landfill cap and to assess for leachate leakage outside the landfill. DC resistivity profiles were measured using an ABEM Terrameter. Analysis indicated that the cap thickness ranged from 0-3 meters and was not consistent, likely allowing the infiltration of precipitation into the refuse mound. The DualEM 2S/4S was used to map apparent conductivity in and near the problematic area, with values ranging between 2-570 mS/m. Higher conductivity values occurred in the northwestern and central area, while linear areas of midrange values extended from within the landfill to outside the landfill, suggesting leachate leakage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".