THE DISPLACED DUSTY INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF NGC 3077: TIDAL STRIPPING IN THE M 81 TRIPLET
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the detection of extended (∼30 kpc 2 ) dust emission in the tidal H i arm near NGC 3077 (member of the M 81 triplet) using SPIRE on board Herschel . Dust emission in the tidal arm is typically detected where the H i column densities are >10 21 cm −2 . The SPIRE band ratios show that the dust in the tidal arm is significantly colder (∼13 K) than in NGC 3077 itself (∼31 K), consistent with the lower radiation field in the tidal arm. The total dust mass in the tidal arm is ∼1.8 × 10 6 M ☉ (assuming β = 2), i.e., substantially larger than the dust mass associated with NGC 3077 (∼2 × 10 5 M ☉ ). Where dust is detected, the dust-to-gas ratio is (6 ± 3) × 10 −3 , consistent within the uncertainties with what is found in NGC 3077 and nearby spiral galaxies with Galactic metallicities. The faint H ii regions in the tidal arm cannot be responsible for the detected enriched material and are not the main source of the dust heating in the tidal arm. We conclude that the interstellar medium (atomic H i , molecules, and dust) in this tidal feature was pre-enriched and stripped off NGC 3077 during its recent interaction (∼3 × 10 8 yr ago) with M 82 and M 81. This implies that interaction can efficiently remove heavy elements and enriched material (dust and molecular gas) from galaxies. As interactions were more frequent at large look-back times, it is conceivable that they could substantially contribute (along with galactic outflows) to the enrichment of the intergalactic medium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".