Bibliographic record
Abstract
first succeed in terminating the deadly animosity that now separates the inhabitants of Lower Canada into the hostile divisions of French and English.3 Lord Durham's Report led to the Union Act, 1840, joining Lower and Upper Canada.Although Lower Canada comprised 60 per cent of the population of the united Canadas, representation in the new assembly was divided equally between the two former colonies.In addition, of the 600,000 residents of Lower Canada, 150,000 were British.Hence, Anglophones comprised the majority of the new combined electorate.4 Article 41 of the Union Act, 1840 provided that all written or printed material issued by the Legislative Council or Legislative Assembly "shall be in the English language only".While the law did not prohibit translation, it expressly declared that translations were not official.Article 41 was revoked nine years later by the Imperial Parliament at Westminster following a unanimous request of the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council. 5 By most measures, the union of Upper and Lower Canada was a failure and did little to address either the aspirations of or the divisions between these two nations.Arguably one success was the development of political leaders, who by way of elite accommodation, could find ways to govern both polities in a manner not unacceptable to each other.Nevertheless deadlock between the Canada East and Canada West was all too common and the need for a different solution pressed; hence the move towards Confederation.What Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine did for the united Province of Canada, John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier did for the new Dominion of Canada. II. CONFEDERATION TO THE QUIET REVOLUTIONIt is difficult to understand the divisive nature of language rights in Canada without understanding the nature of Confederation.The view that most closely accords with the text of the Constitution Act, 1867 has 3 C.P. Lucas, Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America (1912), at 16, per Claude Belanger.See online: Marianopolis College,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".