Giving Away the 'Gift of Life': Surrogacy and the Canadian Assisted Human Reproduction Act
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through the recently passed Assisted Human Reproduction Act, Canada has chosen to explicitly prohibit commercial surrogacy, while remaining silent on the issue of noncommercial or surrogacy. Although concerns about surrogacy arrangements tend to be raised only in relation to commercial surrogacy, many of the issues in question are opposite to the altruistic context as well. Indeed, the potential for exploitation may be even greater in noncommercial surrogacy. The author argues that the present framework of viewing altruistic surrogacy as morally acceptable is based on a western ideal of women's ability to make decisions freely in the family. This ideal is not only inaccurate in the western family model, but is particularly problematic for cultures in which patriarchal norms relegate women to vulnerable and relatively powerless positions within the family and society as a whole. Ultimately, the new Canadian law represents a harmful policy choice for women of all communities because it explicitly condemns one form of surrogacy, while at the same time implicitly approving another potentially more dangerous form.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".