British Columbia's Private Sector in Recession, 1981-86: Employment Flexibility without Trade Diversification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In British Columbia, as in rest of Canada and most other advanced economies, recession of early 1980s constituted most significant downturn since Great Depression of 1930s. Unemployment increased from 6.7 per cent in 1981 to 14.7 per cent in 1984; 1981 levels of gross provincial product and employment were not reached again until 1986; and, in critical goods-producing industries a zero growth rate in 1981 was followed by a disastrous 13.1 per cent decline in 1982. In fact, even within Canadian context recession in British Columbia was particularly severe. If recessionary conditions facing British Columbia in early 1980s reflected cyclical concerns, notably a sharp reduction in demand for forest products, it became evident that longer term processes of economic restructuring — profound changes in organization, location, and methods of production — were also occurring in global capitalism and were very much implicated in recession. In this sense, 1980s recession served to symbolize a transition from tried and trusted assumptions of the good old days (circa 1945-74) to more daunting uncertainties of a age, to use Cohen and Shannon's labels. At nadir of recession in British Columbia, that age was expressed by then Premier William Bennett as the new reality, and heralded by introduction of a battery of neoconservative policies analogous to those implemented by Reagan and Thatcher govern-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".