The Anglo-Italian Treaty: Australia’s imperial obligations to Italian migrants, 1883-1940
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Australia’s diplomatic relations with Italy date back to the 1883 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Britain and the Italian Kingdom. This ‘Anglo-Italian Treaty’ was made in the spirit of liberal trade relations and in the context of economic imperialism. It encompassed Great Britain’s colonies and dominions, and was particularly relevant for the white settler societies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Although a commercial treaty, its recognition of most-favoured nation status meant that Italians could hold equal status to that of British subjects in terms of reciprocal travel, residency and land-ownership rights. The history of the Treaty in Australia – in effect until Italy entered the Second World War in 1940 and only made defunct in 1947 – presents a series of diplomatic negotiations for withdrawal from and political scuffles over interpretations of the Treaty. More than a means towards independence from Britain, analysis of archival records shows that these dealings reflect Australia’s changing perceptions of Italian migrants, particularly in relation to Italian migrant workers in North Queensland. This chapter engages with the developments that punctuate the Treaty’s history with a focus on imperial ties with Great Britain and frictions between the Commonwealth and the state of Queensland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".