Neonatal caffeine augments the acute breathing frequency response to hypoxia and the adenosine and the dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the carotid body of adult rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neonatal caffeine treatment (NCT), used to treat apnea of prematurity, increases persistently the hypercapnic ventilatory response of adult rats. However, the influence of NCT on the ventilatory response to hypoxia is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the consequences of NCT on 1) the ventilatory response to hypoxia (12% of O2) of adult male and female rats and 2) the tyrosine hydroxylase, the adenosine, and the dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the carotid bodies. To this aim, plethysmographic measurements were performed on male and female adult rats previously subjected to either water (control) or caffeine 15 mg/kg (NCT) administration during the neonatal period (postnatal days 3 to 12). Tyrosine hydroxylase, adenosine, and dopamine receptor mRNA quantification in the carotid bodies was estimated by RT-PCR also. NCT enhanced the immediate frequency response on the onset of hypoxia in a sex-specific manner (male only). Results of RT-PCR analysis showed that NCT augments tyrosine hydroxylase, adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression in the carotid bodies of males, but not of females. Thus, the sex-specific increase of the hypoxic ventilatory response induced by NCT could be due to an increase of adenosine A2A and/or dopamine D2 receptor expression observed only in the carotid bodies of males. Supported by the Foundation for the Research into Children's Disease, and the Jeanne-and-Jean-Louis-Levesque’ Chair in Perinatalogy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".