Uncovering Cryptic Diversity in the Invasive Aquatic Plant Species, Eurasian Watermilfoil, using DNA Fingerprinting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural resource managers have noted wide variation in the invasiveness of Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM, Myriophyllum spicatum) in different water bodies. Because EWM primarily reproduces asexually, many lake managers believe that genetic variation among populations is lacking and that variation in invasiveness results from environmental differences among lakes. Here, we use a DNA fingerprinting method (AFLPs) to test whether populations exhibiting different levels of invasiveness in Ontario, Canada exhibit genetic variation. We uncover at least four genetically distinct biotypes of EWM in our study lakes: two distinct forms of EWM and two distinct hybrid genotypes (EWM x native northern watermilfoil, M. spicatum x M. sibiricum). These results demonstrate that genetic variation - alone, or in combination with environmental variation - may underlie variation in invasiveness. Ongoing studies combine genetic and ecological information to further test this hypothesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".