Freezing of water in an open channel flow under supercooled ambient conditions - preliminary results
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal structure of an experimentally modeled ice accretion with a water film in an icing wind tunnel is investigated here at both inner and outer interfaces using nondestructive remote sensing techniques and traditional thermometry. The water film developing into rivulets was produced by spraying of an aerosol flow from a single water-dispersing nozzle cloud onto the iced bottom of a thermally insulated channel. The water film was then driven by a concurrent air flow at negative temperatures. The shear-driven water film thus created was thereby forced to freeze from below due to convection and evaporation from its surface. Heat conduction lengthwise along the bottom of the channel and perpendicular to it was controlled by measuring the outer surface of the bottom of the channel at several sites. The surface temperature of the flowing water film developing into rivulets, as measured by infrared camera, was found to be negative throughout all the experiments. INTRODUCTION A number of atmospheric icing models incorporate, in different ways, the concept of a thin water film which appears and starts flowing when there is an excess of incoming supercooled water onto an icing surface. The precise dynamics of this film, however, and its thermodynamic properties, are still not known clearly. From the time of the first introduction of the concept of a water film on the surface of growing atmospheric ice (Schumann, 1938) and the subsequent introduction of the freezing fraction concept (Messinger, 1953) up to and including late eighties, it was thought that the temperature of this water film should be equal to the equilibrium temperature between the water and ice, or water fusion temperature Tm=273.15 K. Thus, all atmospheric icing models originating from forties onward were based entirely on the heat balance calculation of an icing surface, where the temperature of water fusion was taken as the reference point, distinguishing the solid from the liquid states of water. A series of experiments with artificial hailstones grown in laboratory simulations of natural conditions (List et al., 1 NSERC/Hydro-Quebec/UQAC Industrial Chair on Atmospheric Icing of Power Network Equipment (CIGELE) and Canada Research Chair on Atmospheric Icing Engineering of Power Networks (INGIVRE), Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Departement des Sciences Appliquees, 555 blvd de l’Universite, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada G7H 2B1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".