Simulations de séries temporelles dans les réseaux électriques: applications au stockage thermique pour l'équilibrage de la production éolienne
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RESUME La modernisation des reseaux de distribution electriques par l'utilisation de nouvelles technologies d'automatisation, de commande et de mesurage avance connue sous le terme smart grid ainsi que l'augmentation de la production d'energie renouvelable (solaire, eolien) entrainent des modifications importantes pour les operateurs et les planificateurs du reseau. Ces changements necessitent l'utilisation de nouveaux outils de simulations informatiques. Aussi, dans le cas de regions nordiques comme le Quebec, le mesurage avance permet l'utilisation de nouvelles technologies comme les systemes de chauffage par stockage thermique. Un but de ce memoire est d'etudier la possibilite d'utiliser le stockage thermique pour faciliter l'integration de l'energie eolienne. Mesurer l'impact des systemes de chauffage par stockage thermique sur les clients et sur le reseau est aussi un des objectifs. Pour pouvoir etudier ces questions, la modelisation des charges domestiques, principalement le chauffage, et du reseau electrique sont necessaires. C'est dans cette optique que des outils de simulations des reseaux electriques offrant de nouvelles possibilites sont etudies. Trois outils de simulations a code source ouvert sont presentes : OpenDSS, GridLAB-D et APREM. Pour les comparer, deux cas sont simules : le premier porte sur un calcul de pertes annuelles de ligne de distribution avec l'ajout de production decentralisee et le deuxieme porte sur un calcul annuel d'economie d'energie apportee par un controle asservi de la tension. Les resultats demontrent qu'OpenDSS est le plus rapide. Aussi, il ressort que les modeles de charges commandees par thermostats de GridLAB-D offrent des possibilites interessantes pour effectuer des calculs d'impact de la gestion de la tension. L'impact des accumulateurs thermiques sur le reseau est discute. Les simulations demontrent qu'un client residentiel quebecois typique, utilisant la tarification differenciee dans le temps du projet Heure Juste, pourrait economiser 15 % de sa facture totale annuelle d'electricite en utilisant un accumulateur thermique central. Du point de vue du reseau, les simulations montrent qu'un taux de penetration de l'ordre de 4 % de ce type de systeme de chauffage pourrait entrainer la creation d'une troisieme pointe de charge la nuit sans gestion plus elaboree. Une commande des chauffe-eau et des accumulateurs thermiques centraux suivant la production eolienne est presentee. Les resultats montrent que 28 MW de charge de chauffe-eau ou 3,35 MW de charge d'accumulateurs thermiques sont necessaires pour suivre 1 MW de production eolienne installee sur une periode de temps de 6 heures.----------ABSTRACT The modernization of electrical distribution systems using modern technologies of automation, control and measurement is known as the smart grid. This modernization and the adding of more and more renewables (solar, wind) to the grid result in significant changes for grid operators and planners and require the use of new tools for computer simulations. Also, in the case of northern regions such as Quebec, advanced measurement allows the use of electric thermal storage heating systems. One of the goals of this work is to study the possibility to use thermal storage to integrate wind energy to the grid. Also, one of the other objectives is to measure the impact of electric thermal storage heating on the customer and on the grid. To study these questions, load models, mainly electrical heating, and electrical grid models need to be used and developed. This is why new simulation tools are studied. Three open source simulation tools are presented: OpenDSS from EPRI, GridLAB-D from PNNL and APREM from Polytechnique Montreal. For comparison, two cases are simulated: the first one is the calculation of annual losses of a distribution line with the addition of distributed generation and the second one is the annual energy savings of a voltage control over a distribution line. Results show that OpenDSS is the fastest. Also, it appears that thermostatically controlled loads models provided by GridLAB-D offer interesting opportunities to perform conservation voltage reduction calculations. The impact of electrical thermal storage heating systems on the distribution system is discussed. Simulations show that a typical residential customer in Quebec, using time of use rate, could save 15% of its total annual electricity bill by using central electric thermal storage. From a distribution substation point of view, simulations show that a penetration rate of about 4% of this type of heating system may create a third peak during night without a better form of control. Control of water heaters and central electric thermal storage related to wind generation is presented. Results showed that 28 MW of water heaters load or 3.35 MW of electric thermal storage load are needed to follow 1 MW of installed wind generation over a 6 hours period of time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".