Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Looking back over the twentieth century at what are now the advanced capitalist economies, one of the more outstanding characteristics of macroeconomic development has been the radical transformation of their economic structures, i.e. the tastes, technologies and institutions that shape economic activity. The fourfold increase in real per capita income since the early years of the twentieth century is not the result of balanced growth, with output expanding at the same rate in every sector. Instead, growth has been accompanied by large shifts in the composition of output and in the sectoral distribution of capital and labour, transformations that have led economic historians and economists to distinguish among epochs of capitalism, such as the ‘industrial’ and ‘post-industrial’ phases. But this observation barely scratches the surface. These transformations are themselves made possible by technological change, as within each sector industries grow and decay, product and process innovation are commonplace and resources continuously reallocated. And with technological change there have been changes in the lifestyle of individuals that go far beyond those implied by mere increases in income, however large, and, beyond even this, changes in society itself. A well-known example is the advent of the ‘age of steam’, which introduced the factory system and urbanization. In the case of such sweeping change to the type of work and its organization, and to how and where people lived, it is relatively easy to recognize that new rules and norms would become established to govern behaviour under these new conditions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".