Bibliographic record
Abstract
Triaxial compression tests were performed on dense specimens of Virginia Beach sand at low and high confining pressures to study time effects that relate to grain crushing due to static fatigue or delayed fracture. Experiments to study effects of loading strain rate on subsequent creep showed negligible time effects and no grain crushing at low confining pressures, while tests at high confining pressures indicated increasing amounts of creep with increasing initial loading strain rates and with increasing deviator stress at creep. Investigation of effects of grain-size distribution indicated stiffer initial response and smaller amounts of creep for more uniformly graded soils at high confining pressures. The experimental results showed that structuration effects were not present in the dense Virginia Beach sand. A long-term creep test at high confining pressure indicated continuous creep with no indication of its termination. Sieve analyses following each triaxial test showed that grain crushing, as quantified by Hardin’s relative breakage factor, was proportional to energy input and amount of creep observed for each soil specimen. The creep is due to the time-dependent static fatigue by which the grains crush and cause rearrangement of the grain structure, and this is the reason behind the time effects in granular materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".