Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses the international legal and political challenges to controlling the water levels in North Dakota's Devil's Lake. To address the lake's rising water levels, the North Dakota government sought to create an outlet from Devil's Lake to the Sheyenne River. The water would flow to Manitoba's Lake Winnipeg, potentially in violation of the Canada/US 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty and causing significant environmental disruption. Critics and proponents of the outlets faced tension in scientific discourse, in litigation and in international diplomacy. A non-legally-binding agreement was made with the Canadian ambassador regarding the Devil's Lake water outlet. The resulting outlet from Devil's Lake caused Sheyenne River sulphate levels to exceed allowable levels, and the North Dakota State Water Commission successfully applied to have the sulphate standard relaxed by 50%. The unilateral American action, which directly impacted the water quality in Lake Winnipeg, was condemned by Canadian politicians. The Devil's Lake controversy points to a larger difficulty: Canadian and American actors are becoming less committed to the existing legal regime for addressing trans-boundary water issues, and are sometimes distrustful of international legal mechanisms to resolve joint water issues.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".