Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses the international legal and political challenges to controlling the water levels in North Dakota's Devil's Lake. To address the lake's rising water levels, the North Dakota government sought to create an outlet from Devil's Lake to the Sheyenne River. The water would flow to Manitoba's Lake Winnipeg, potentially in violation of the Canada/US 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty and causing significant environmental disruption. Critics and proponents of the outlets faced tension in scientific discourse, in litigation and in international diplomacy. A non-legally-binding agreement was made with the Canadian ambassador regarding the Devil's Lake water outlet. The resulting outlet from Devil's Lake caused Sheyenne River sulphate levels to exceed allowable levels, and the North Dakota State Water Commission successfully applied to have the sulphate standard relaxed by 50%. The unilateral American action, which directly impacted the water quality in Lake Winnipeg, was condemned by Canadian politicians. The Devil's Lake controversy points to a larger difficulty: Canadian and American actors are becoming less committed to the existing legal regime for addressing trans-boundary water issues, and are sometimes distrustful of international legal mechanisms to resolve joint water issues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.041 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".