Localized dayside proton aurora at high latitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two types of dayside localized proton‐induced auroral emissions on the dayside were identified in SI12 images from the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) spacecraft. “Auroral oval spots” occurred at or toward the poleward edge of the dayside proton auroral oval. “Polar cap spots” occurred well into the polar cap. The polar cap spots occurred when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was strongly northward and radially aligned along the Sun‐Earth line, which results in reconnection with northern lobe field lines. For the auroral oval spots that occurred during northward‐IMF only, there was a large azimuthal component of the IMF. During northward IMF conditions, a large azimuthal component of the IMF leads to reconnection at high latitudes on closed geomagnetic field lines. The reconnection site would map closer to auroral oval latitudes, which is consistent with the location of the auroral oval spots. The auroral oval spots were found to be much larger in size and total intensity than the polar cap spots, but the average intensities of the two types of spots were comparable. The average intensity of the auroral oval spots was proportional to the solar wind dynamic pressure and solar wind density, suggesting that the average intensity of the auroral oval spots is dependent on the number of protons precipitating from the reconnection site, rather than the proton energy. No clear trend was found for the polar cap spots, but there was a notable lack of polar cap spots for high solar wind dynamic pressures and densities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".