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Record W17919711

Transformation for better living environment in urban region: application of the principle of transboundary liability and the montreal protocol experiences

2011· article· id· W17919711 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Muhammad Rizal Razman, Abdul Samad Hadi, Jamaluddin Md. Jahi, Shaharudin Idrus, Ahmad Fariz Mohamed, Abdul Hadi Harman Shah

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageid
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicInternational Environmental Law and Policies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsLiabilityEnvironmental lawDeclarationInternational lawEnvironmental planningLawBusinessEnvironmental protectionPolitical scienceGeography
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The international environmental law principle on transboundary liability plays an important role in transforming better living environment in urban region. The use of the international environmental law principle on transboundary liability in urban region for better living environment is largely in response to the inevitability of every individual to protect his/ her rights on living environment in urban region from being polluted. This article examines the use of the international environmental law principle on transboundary liability in transforming better living environment in urban region by identifying actions and cases which deal with human habitat and environmental protection in urban region. This article also identifies the relation between the international environmental law principle on transboundary liability and Rio Declaration as a means to transform better living environment in urban region. The opportunity to enhance the growth of this principle of transboundary liability in protecting human habitat and environment in urban region, through state practices, following the two-transboundary environmental disasters “Sandoz Spill” and “Chernobyl Explosion,” were lost due to the decision by the injured states not to take international legal actions for causing environmental pollution to their urban regions, even though the injured states have their right to do so. The support made by the statesaround the globe on the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Law, 1994 and the Rio Declaration, 1992 clearly reflected the acceptance and the growth of this principle of transboundary liability in protecting human habitat and environment especially in urban region. Finally, the preliminary findings indicate that the influence of interest approach in the international environmental governance is an important aspect to promote and persuade states around the globe to participate in the Montreal Protocol for the purpose to protect global environment by taking into consideration the principle of transboundary liability in order to control world emissions of pollution especially in urban region. These actions are to ensure the transformation for better living environment in urban region. Keywords: Transboundary liability; international environmental law; urban region ABSTRAK Prinsip undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan memainkan satu peranan penting dalam mengubah persekitaran daerah bandar ke arah yang lebih baik. Penggunaan prinsip undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan di kawasan bandar bagi mewujudkan persekitaran kehidupan yang lebih baik adalah sebagai maklum balas terhadap ketidakelakan setiap individu melindungi haknya untuk mendiami persekitaran bandar yang tidak tercemar. Artikel ini meneliti penggunaan undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan dalam mengubah persekitaran kehidupan daerah bandar agar menjadi lebih baik dengan mengenal pasti tindakan-tindakan dan kes-kes yang berkaitan dengan habitat manusia dan perlindungan alam sekitar dalam kawasan bandar. Artikel ini juga mengenal pasti hubungan antara prinsip undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan dan Deklarasi Rio sebagai satu cara untuk mengubah persekitaran kehidupan kawasan bandar. Peluang untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan prinsip liabiliti rentas sempadan dalam melindungi habitat manusia dan persekitaran di kawasan bandar, melalui pengamalan kerajaan, ekoran dua bencana persekitaran rentas sempadan, iaitu “Sandoz Spill” dan “Chernobyl Explosion,” telah hilang disebabkan keputusan negara yang menjadi mangsa untuk tidak mengambil tindakan undang-undang antarabangsa terhadap pihak yang menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar di kawasan bandarnya, walaupun negara tersebut mempunyai hak untuk berbuat demikian. Sokongan yang diberi oleh negara-negara seluruh dunia kepada Deraf Artikel Suruhanjaya Undang-Undang Antarabangsa mengenai Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Law, 1994 dan Deklarasi Rio, 1992 dengan jelas menunjukkan penerimaan dan pertumbuhan prinsip-prinsip liabiliti rentas sempadan dalam melindungi habitat manusia dan persekitaran terutama sekali di kawasan bandar. Penemuan awal menunjukkan bahawa pengaruh pendekatan kepentingan dalam governans alam sekitar antarabangsa merupakan satu aspek penting untuk menggalakkan dan membujuk negara-negara dunia supaya menyertai Protokol Montreal bertujuan melindungi persekitaran global dengan mengambil kira prinsip liabiliti rentas sempadan supaya dapat mengawal pencemaran di dunia terutama sekali di kawasan bandar. Tindakan-tindakan ini bertujuan untuk memastikan transformasi ke arah persekitaran kehidupan bandar yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: Liabiliti rentas sempadan, undang-undang antarabangsa, wilayah bandar

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.621
Threshold uncertainty score0.679

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.002
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.227
Teacher spread0.215 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations4
Published2011
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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