Bibliographic record
Abstract
great whales of our oceans have been subjected to horrendous overharvesting during the past century, but a few species are beginning to make a slow recovery because of the moratorium maintained by the International Whaling Commission since 1986. In Hawaii, we have a Humpback Whale Sanctuary, and those counting the humpbacks that come to Hawaii's waters each winter report a 7 percent annual rate of increase in the number of individual humpbacks around the islands. But just when these grand creatures appear to be finding their place again, new threats justified in the name of national security and science are being introduced that could interfere directly with the whale habitats. If we fail to find a way to protect the great whales, it is unlikely that future generations will ever find a way to forgive us for our ignorance, negligence, and reckless actions. Article 65 of the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention is explicit in requiring states to work through the international organizations for [the] conservation, management and study of cetaceans (whales and dolphins). The International Whaling Commission (IWC) established in 1946 would appear to be the appropriate international organization and it has maintained a moratorium on all harvesting of whales since 1986, except for limited kills allocated to indigenous people, mostly in the Arctic region. Because they wished to continue harvesting whales, Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands (Denmark), and Greenland (Denmark) created the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) in 1992. Norway has consistently objected to the moratorium established by the IWC and has been harvesting minke whales in the North Atlantic under the blessing of NAMMCO. In addition, Canada, which is not a member of either the IWC or NAMMCO but sends observers to meetings of both organizations, has authorized its Inuit natives to harvest limited numbers of bowhead whales. Japan has also persisted in its program of harvesting whales for scientific purposes. The whale controversy is particularly intricate because so many different perspectives are involved. Some argue that the whales should not be viewed as resources, but as beings with rights to be considered, and emphasize their exceptionally large brains with well-developed
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.019 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.046 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".