Modern Tax System of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Globalization of the world economy, which is the process of internationalization and integration of all aspects of economic life, is increasing interdependence and interrelation of the various spheres of the world economy. With globalization, there is a certain harmonization of tax systems and tax policies. There will be a unification of the tax systems of different countries, requiring coordination of key indicators and mechanisms of taxation of-tion, taxation of investment activity. The Republic of Kazakhstan, having overcome all the difficulties of transition, began to implement industrial and innovation strategy aimed at diversifying the economy. One of the major trends in the implementation of these tasks is the dynamic economic development in accordance with the requirements of globalization. Taxes are one of the important tools of government regulation, as the national economy and international integration processes. Under the new conditions the transformation of the tax system of Kazakhstan becoming objective. Therefore, the study of the current state of the tax system and the search for new evidence-based approaches to improve it is an objective necessity. In the transition to market one of the main tasks of economic reforms carried out in Kazakhstan was the creation of a new type of tax relations between the state and the taxpayer, which is mainly provided through the tax system. Create tax system had virtually from scratch, in the absence of sufficient domestic experience. This article deals with the historical background and economic entity, as well as the structure of the tax system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis and the evaluation of a modern tax system of Kazakhstan has been held. Based on the experience of economically developed foreign countries, highlights the impact of globalization on the tax system.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".