Two new species of <i>Inocybe</i> from Australia and North America that include novel secotioid forms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The secotioid form of fruit bodies of mushroom-forming fungi may be an intermediate evolutionary modification of epigeous agaricoid or pileate–stipitate forms (i.e., with pileus, spore-bearing tissues, and stipe) and typically hypogeous, gasteroid- or truffle-forming species, in which the fruit bodies have been reduced to enclosed structures containing modified spore-producing tissues. To date, only a single secotioid species (Auritella geoaustralis Matheny & Bougher ex Matheny & Bougher) has been described in the ectomycorrhizal family Inocybaceae, a hyperdiverse clade of ca. 500–700 species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Fieldwork in Australia and western North America, however, has revealed two novel secotioid forms of Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., the first to be formally described in the genus. In this investigation, we analyze their phylogenetic relationships using molecular sequence data from multiple unlinked loci to test whether these are environmental variants of agaricoid forms or represent independent lineages. Results of phylogenetic analyses suggest these fungi have converged to the secotioid form independently. However, the California secotioid taxon (Inocybe multifolia f. cryptophylla f. nov.) is a phenotypic variant of the newly described agaricoid taxon (Inocybe multifolia sp. nov.). Similarly, the Australian secotioid form (Inocybe bicornis f. secotioides f. nov.) is nested within a clade of otherwise agaricoid forms of a second novel species (Inocybe bicornis sp. nov.) described from southwest Western Australia. Overall, four species with sequestrate forms within Inocybaceae can now be recognized, three of which are distributed in Australia and one in western North America, in the genera Auritella and Inocybe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".