The Dynamics of Inter Group Relations in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Nupe Activities in Etsakoland C. 1860-1897 LA DYNAMIQUE DES INTER-RELATIONS DES GROUPES DANS LE PRE-COLONIALE NIGERIA : LES ACTIVITES DANS LE NUPE ETSAKOLAND C.1860-1897
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A point that is not often emphasized in Nigeria’s history is the high level of interaction that existed among different groups in the country in pre-colonial times. This study brings to the fore the circumstances that brought the Nupe to Etsakoland and how they greatly influenced the lives of the people, with emphasis on the sociopolitical sphere. Among other things, the Nupe suzerainty in the area changed the political tenor of the people by introducing centralized monarchical authority, a new title system and taxation. In the social sphere, Islam with its attendant practices got introduced to Etsakoland. Some of the introduced practices now became well entrenched among the Etsako people. Etsakoland was still undergoing transition when the British came and now also infl uenced the lives of the people. The features of the Etsako society of today reflect the amalgam of both the indigenously evolved ones and those introduced through foreign contacts, starting with the Nupe. The interaction between the Nupe from the Middle Belt part of Nigeria and the Etsako of South-South Nigeria exemplifies the level of interaction among Nigerian peoples in the Pre-British days. Key words : Jihad; Islam; Etsako; Nupe Resume Un point qui n’est pas souvent souligne dans l’histoire du Nigeria est le niveau eleve d’interaction qui existait entre les differents groupes dans le pays dans la periode precoloniale. Cette etude met en evidence les circonstances qui ont amene les Nupe a Etsakoland et comment ils ont grandement influence la vie des gens, en mettant l’accent sur la sphere socio-politique. Entre autres choses, la suzerainete Nupe dans la region a change la teneur politique du peuple par l’introduction de l’autorite monarchique centralise, un systeme nouveau titre et de la fi scalite. Dans le domaine social, l’Islam avec ses pratiques concomitantes ete presente a Etsakoland. Certaines des pratiques introduites maintenant devenu bien ancree parmi les gens Etsako. Etsakoland etait encore en phase de transition ou les Britanniques sont venus et maintenant aussi infl uence la vie des gens. Les caracteristiques de la societe d’aujourd'hui refl etent Etsako l’amalgame des deux les localement evolue et celles introduites par contacts a l’etranger, en commencant par le Nupe. L’interaction entre les Nupe de la partie Middle Belt du Nigeria et le Etsako Sud-Sud du Nigeria illustre bien le niveau de l’interaction entre les peuples nigerians dans les jours pre-britanniques. Mots cles : Jihad; L’islam; Etsako; Nupe
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".