Constructing a Labour Gospel: Labour and Religion in Early 20th-century Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper considers the presence of Christianity in the labour movement in early 20th-century Ontario. During this period labour leaders were unquestionably disillusioned with the established churches and did not hesitate to criticize clergymen for their indifference and hostility to labour's cause. This disillusionment did not mean, however, that organized labour abandoned religion. Both moderate reformist and radical labour leaders articulated a non-sectarian, activist Christianity that helped them frame the issues they were concerned about. Alliances also developed between the churches and labour bodies at the national level and labour-friendly clergy and a small group of labour leaders in industrial centres in southern Ontario. Cet article prend en consideration la presence du christianisme dans le mouvement syndical au debut du vingtieme siecle en Ontario. Au cours de cette periode, les dirigeants syndicaux ont ete sans aucun doute desenchantes des Eglises etablies et n'ont pas hesite a critiquer les ecclesiastiques pour leur indifference et leur hostilite envers la cause de la main-d'œuvre. Ce desenchantement ne signifiait pas, cependant, que la main-d'œuvre a abandonne la religion. Tant les reformistes moderes que les dirigeants radicaux ont adopte un christianisme non-confessionnel militant qui leur a aide a encadrer les questions qui les preoccupaient. Des liens se sont aussi elabores entre les Eglises et les syndicats au niveau national ainsi qu'entre les ecclesiastiques sympathiques aux travailleurs et un petit groupe de dirigeants syndicaux dans les centres industriels au sud de l'Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".