Measured capillary forces on spheres at particle-laden interfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measure capillary forces on particles at fluid interfaces in order to assess the key parameters that yield effective stabilizing particles. In our experiments, a millimeter-scale particle is attached to a cantilever, which is used to pull the particle perpendicular to the interface. Simultaneously, we image from the side to measure the cantilever's deflection and thus the pulling force, as well as the height of the particle and the shape of the interface. We find that the peak force on a particle at an interface crowded with other particles is consistently smaller than the force at a clean interface. This result is independent of the difference in fluid mass densities, the material of the target sphere, and the capillary charge of the free particles. We attribute the force reduction to the perturbation of interface shape due to the constraints at the boundaries of the free particles. The results should be helpful in designing particles to stabilize droplets in new oil dispersants or in other applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".