Effect of the orientation of records on displacement ductility demand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of the ground motion record orientation on the estimated pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) have been investigated and reported in the literature; the statistics of the PSA along the major and minor principal axes differ from that for a random orientation. This is true for California as well as for Mexican records. However, a statistical assessment of the effect of record orientation on the displacement ductility demand is lacking. Such an assessment could be important for gaining confidence in and understanding of using the ductility demand rules for seismic hazard and risk evaluations. The statistical analyses of the effect of orientation on the estimated displacement ductility demand for elastic-perfectly-plastic and bilinear hysteretic (single degree of freedom) systems is carried out in the present study using sets of records from Mexican inslab and interplate earthquakes, and California earthquakes. Based on the obtained statistics, it is suggested that the consideration that the ductility demand is independent of the orientation of the records can be adequate, especially for Tn greater than 0.3 s and elastic-perfectly-plastic hysteretic single degree of freedom systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".