Sex‐specific consequences of neonatal stress on laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation in rat pups: Contribution of excitatory currents onto key brainstem regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In preterm infants and rat pups, the presence of liquids or solids in the airways stimulates the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) which results in prolonged apneas, O 2 desaturations, and bradycardias with life threatening consequences. We previously showed that neonatal stress interferes with respiratory control development and aggravates the bradycardias evoked by LCR stimulation. Here, we addressed underlying mechanisms by testing the hypothesis that neonatal stress augments synaptic inputs converging onto the vagal motor nucleus (NX), a key brainstem region regulating heart rate. Experiments were performed on 14‐15 days old pups that were either undisturbed (controls) or subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS; 3h/day from P3 to P12). Because the impact of NMS is greater in males, experiments were performed on pups from both sexes. Brainstem slices from the obex area were obtained and whole‐cell voltage clamp recordings were performed on single NX neurons. Miniature EPSCs were revealed by TTX application. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and miniature EPSCs were measured. NMS augments the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous EPSCs. TTX application reduced the frequency and amplitude of currents. These effects were greater in NMS rats but did not differ between sexes. This suggests that NMS increases the activity level of incoming excitatory inputs to NX neurons. We conclude that in NMS pups, the increase in excitatory inputs converging onto the vagal motor nucleus contribute to the augmented bradycardia following LCR stimulation; however, the lack of sexual dimorphism in these effects suggest that other mechanisms and/or structures are responsible for sex‐specific effects of NMS on the LCR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".