Total Cost of Ownership -Revealing the true cost of owning and operating equipment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Title: Total Cost of Ownership – Revealing the true cost of owning and operating equipment. Authors: Anna Bladh Anna Ström Tutors: Michaela Boye, Parts and Service, PTD, Alfa Laval Göran Berg, Parts and Service, PTD, Alfa Laval Charlotta Johnsson, Department of Automatic Control, LTH, Lund University Bertil I. Nilsson, Department of Industrial Management and Logistics, LTH, Lund University Carl-Henric Nilsson, Department of Business Administration, Lund University Core issue: “Which costs should be included in a general Total Cost of Ownership model regarding centrifuges, and what input variables are needed in order to calculate those costs in a user-friendly way and with a maintained level of accuracy?” Purpose: The theoretical purpose of the thesis is to identify the cost items that have the greatest impact on a TCO calculation for a centrifuge. The practical purpose is to develop a generic model and tool for calculation of TCO where cost elements with high impact on TCO are prioritised. The objective is to reduce the number of input variables and thereby increase the usability of the model. Methodology: Theory studies of life cycle concepts, case studies of the centrifuge in the brewery and vegetable oil application and interviews with specialists, are some of the different activities that build the base for this thesis. In order to contribute to the field of the research many different perspectives were used and both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected. Conclusion: In the Total Cost of Ownership study it was found that eight cost elements constituted 90 percent of TCO. These elements all made an impact of more than five percent each. Some cost elements could be excluded since they contributed with less than one percent each. These findings enabled the development of a tool for calculating TCO with a decreased number of cost elements to consider. Thereby a less complex TCO analysis is enabled. Keywords: Total Cost of Ownership, TCO, Life Cycle Costing, Life Cycle Profit Activity Based Costing, centrifuge
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".